Summary of Tratamento e uso de resíduos da pecuária leiteira, biodigestor e compostagem de carcaças

00:00:00 - 00:55:00

In the YouTube video titled "Tratamento e uso de resíduos da pecuária leiteira, biodigestor e compostagem de carcaças," researchers from Embrapa Gado Leite discuss the importance of treating and managing dairy cattle waste effectively, focusing on biodigestors and composting of carcasses. They emphasize the potential of farm waste as a resource for clean energy production and share examples of using reclaimed water and a mangrove system for waste treatment. The speakers explore different waste management systems, such as the Indian biodigestor and the Canadian model, and the importance of anaerobic digestion and biogas production. They also experimented with using bovine waste, sewage treatment plant waste, and whey for biogas production and discuss the potential of using agriculture-derived biomass as a renewable energy source. Furthermore, they suggest composting deceased animals as an environmentally friendly alternative for disposal and present results from a composting experiment.

• 00:00:00 In this section of the YouTube video titled "Tratamento e uso de resíduos da pecuária leiteira, biodigestor e compostagem de carcaças," researchers from Embrapa Gado Leite discuss the treatment and use of dairy farming residues, focusing on biodigestors and composting of carcasses. Marcelo Eugênio, a researcher with degrees in farmacy and biochemistry, and a professor at the Federal University of Juiz de Fora, speaks about the importance of research on water management, environmental resources, and waste biomass and biogas. He invites those interested in pursuing a master's degree to visit the University of Federal Juiz de Fora's site. The talk covers topics such as a collaborative effort between the Federal University of Juiz de Fora and EPAMIG, a research agribusiness company from Minas Gerais. The discussion revolves around treating farm waste as a resource for clean energy production instead of a production problem. In the Embrapa Gado Leite laboratory in Juiz de Fora, they demonstrate the use of reclaimed water for floor cleaning in a dairy farm, highlighting the importance of keeping the area clean for the well-being of the dairy cattle. The farmers also use a mangrove system to treat and dispose of the liquid dairy manure produced.
• 00:05:00 In this section of the YouTube video titled "Tratamento e uso de resíduos da pecuária leiteira, biodigestor e compostagem de carcaças," the speakers discuss the importance of proper treatment and management of dairy cattle waste. They explain that an adult dairy cow produces between 38 and 50 kilos of combined feces and urine daily. The speakers then introduce two types of waste management systems: the Indian biodigestor and the lagoon covered or Canadian model. The Indian biodigestor, shown in a photo, is an old, metallic container with a dome or chimney on top. Residues enter through the top and go into a digestion chamber made of bricks. The gas produced during the digestion process exits through a second chamber, and the biofertilizer is collected separately and used primarily for heating greenhouses or rural homes. On the other hand, the lagoon covered or Canadian model, which is a commercially available technology, features a hydraulic floor cleaning system and a sand filter to separate the solid and liquid waste components. The liquid is then treated in a circular tank using pumped water for washing the floor and reused for around 60 days. The speakers explain that anaerobic digestion is the process used for treating both manure and vampire waste in the biodigestor. This digestion process takes place in an enclosed structure where the absence of air hinders the oxygen-dependent bacterial growth, allowing the fermentation of anaerobic bacteria to occur. The byproduct of this anaerobic digestion is biogas, primarily consisting of methane and carbon dioxide, which can be harvested and used for thermal or electrical energy production when the biogas concentration reaches 50% methane (CH4).
• 00:10:00 In this section of the YouTube video titled "Tratamento e uso de resíduos da pecuária leiteira, biodigestor e compostagem de carcaças," researchers from Embrapa discuss their studies on the ingestion of bovine waste and its potential to produce biogas. They have previously experimented with mixing sewage treatment plant waste with bovine waste and found that the lodo could produce biogas. Another study involved using whey, a byproduct of the ricotta cheese industry. The researchers corrected the PH level of the whey and studied its composition, and after 165 days, they achieved concentrations of 20% sewage treatment plant waste and 80% bovine waste, as well as 20% industrial waste and 80% ricotta whey. The goal was to allow the microbiology in the digester to recognize the foreign components of the waste and later create an inoculum for larger-scale experiments. The researchers used a 60-liter biodigester for these experiments and aim to determine if the new biomass they're looking for can be beneficial for rural producers. They're not focusing on producing biogas for energy at this time, but rather experimenting in a lab setting to evaluate its potential use.
• 00:15:00 In this section of the YouTube video titled "Tratamento e uso de resíduos da pecuária leiteira, biodigestor e compostagem de carcaças," the speaker discusses the experiment on controlling bovine manure (approximately 2.5-4% moisture content) with triangular and quadrangular shapes filled with ricotta whey in a biogas production process. The results show that after 60 days, the two experiments had similar methane production and biogas volume, as there was no significant difference between the two continuing for 100 days. During this process, Nicole, a bacteria involved in anaerobic biodigestion of the first phase, plays a significant role. The speaker notes that Nicole, which was more present at the beginning of the digestion, started to decline in concentration with higher concentrations of brewery residue, affecting the digestion process. Therefore, they tested whether Nicole could increase biogas production and stability, and the control was a sodium residue from a finisher (Gerson) and a manure-like substance replacing bovine manure in a bio-reactor, producing methane above 50% with soro de ricota but with a decline in production with brewery residue concentrations of 40% and 80% after 40 days, only maintaining a lower concentration of 20%. The speaker also mentions a challenge regarding the fermentation process in another phase of their work, evaluating the metagenomics and bacteria present.
• 00:20:00 In this section of the YouTube video titled "Tratamento e uso de resíduos da pecuária leiteira, biodigestor e compostagem de carcaças," the speaker discusses the bacterial composition of different types of dairy farm residues and their role in biogas production. The specific bacteria they focus on, known as archaea, are significant producers of methane, contributing to over 60% of the methane generated from lactic acid. They studied the distribution of these archaea and other organisms in the same experiment involving different residues, including those from a dairy brewery. The speaker explains that after 120 days, the dairy brewery residue changes to a prevalence of short-term methane and eventually stops producing methane. This phase is called "yogurt and no cake" and is characterized by a high abundance of metals in the initial and subsequent prevalence of methane. The speaker also mentions the possibility of treating whey from a dairy producer with biogas production in mind, which could help increase the environmental sustainability of the dairy industry. Furthermore, they discuss the potential of using agriculture-derived biomass as a renewable energy source to diversify the energy matrix and contribute to sustainable development. Additionally, the speaker touches upon another important residue: deceased cows. They suggest that farmers send sick or deceased cows to the slaughterhouse, but for those that cannot, alternative solutions such as bioremediation of livestock waste could help address environmental challenges faced by the industry.
• 00:25:00 In this section of the YouTube video titled "Tratamento e uso de resíduos da pecuária leiteira, biodigestor e compostagem de carcaças," the speakers discuss the proper disposal of deceased animals and propose composting as an environmentally friendly alternative. They explain that without a specific legislation, managers often dispose of carcasses in rivers or bury them, causing potential contamination. To find a more suitable solution, they conducted a study on composting large animal carcasses, such as that of a cow, using a process called aerobic heterotrophic composting. This process requires air circulation and generates heat, eliminating pathogenic bacteria and transforming organic matter. The speakers experimented with euthanized animals and inserted microorganisms into different parts of the carcass to observe the composting process. The material used for composting can be vegetal matter found on the property, such as silage or animal feed, and the process is done in pre-determined locations or by inoculating plastic spheres with lyophilized microorganisms. The speakers were particularly interested in testing if composting eliminates pathogenic microorganisms that cause diseases in cattle, such as those that cause mastitis or lead to animal death.
• 00:30:00 In this section of the YouTube video titled "Tratamento e uso de resíduos da pecuária leiteira, biodigestor e compostagem de carcaças," the speaker discusses the process of composting, specifically mentioning the importance of monitoring temperature and moisture levels, maintaining a certain height and covering with vegetal material. The composting is done on the farm and in the sun, with experiments having been conducted to measure the temperature at various stages. A fence was also put up to keep animals away from the compost pile. Five bovine carcasses were used in the experiment, with one being process in the summer and another in the winter. The material was removed and tested with samples taken at 7, 14, 30, and 60 days, and the results showed an increase in temperature and maintenance of high temperatures in both wet and dry seasons, as well as maintaining moisture levels between 20 and 70%. The composting process also did not produce any chorume (smell) and the pH was kept neutral. The composting sites were frequent monitored by municipal worker Dalmo, with the presence of bacteria such as Bacillus and Staphylococcus aureus observed.
• 00:35:00 In this section of the YouTube video titled "Tratamento e uso de resíduos da pecuária leiteira, biodigestor e compostagem de carcaças", the speaker discusses the results of a composting experiment with animal carcasses and the importance of the testing process. He mentions that after 30 days, the initial envelope where bacteria were placed had almost eliminated all the bacteria introduced, but after 70 days during the rainy season, the interior of the spheres showed the presence of bacteria such as Bangu GT Record for up to 90 days. Despite the fears that composting is a practical solution for large animal carcass disposal due to low cost and ease of process, the speaker notes that the results are critical since they demonstrate the efficiency of the process in eliminating pathogenic bacteria. The speaker also invites viewers to contact him directly for questions and ends the session with a discussion about a biodigester operated by Embrapa, which has been in use for several years, and produces energy from waste. He explains that the biodigester in question, located at Retiro da Gênese, is the smallest on the market for this type of dairy production, with an average of 150-250 animals, and produces energy efficiently for that scale.
• 00:40:00 In this section of the YouTube video titled "Tratamento e uso de resíduos da pecuária leiteira, biodigestor e compostagem de carcaças," the speaker discusses the use of biodigestors for managing dairy farm waste and producing energy and biofertilizers. The cost of a 400-450 million real biodigester and financing options through the ABC program are discussed. The speaker also addresses a viewer's question regarding the use of compost and fertilizers produced after 90 days, specifically mentioning that it cannot be used in pastures or for animal feed but can be used in fruit cultivation and reforestation. The speaker also mentions that certain waste materials, such as cow heads, take longer to decompose and should not be added to the compost pile right away. A question is then addressed regarding the use of ricotta whey specifically for compost and the reasoning behind it is not elaborated on in the excerpt.
• 00:45:00 In this section of the YouTube video titled "Tratamento e uso de resíduos da pecuária leiteira, biodigestor e compostagem de carcaças," the speaker discusses the possibilities of using dairy industry byproducts, such as whey from ricotta production, in a biodigester or compost. The speaker explains that while the sweet whey is an added-value product for industries, it's not suitable for use in a biodigester because it's difficult to teach Latinos how to make ricotta and it's an acidic byproduct. Instead, they studied the possibilities of using ricotta cake as a treatment for agricultural waste, which can be added to a digester or compost in a concentration of up to 80 percent. They also discuss the use of animal bones as compost material, which are considered a residual and can be used as an organic biofertilizer according to Brazilian law. The speaker also explains that there are restrictions on where this material can be used, such as not being able to use it in gardens or in camping areas, and it can't be used for animal or human consumption. The material is instead used for tree fertilization and reforestation. The speaker emphasizes the importance of attending to biosafety and the absence of harmful microorganisms in the material before it can be used for these purposes.
• 00:50:00 In this section of the YouTube video titled "Tratamento e uso de residuos da pecuária leiteira, biodigestor e compostagem de carcaças", the speaker discusses the process of composting livestock remains and its benefits for environmental and economic reasons. The speaker mentions an experiment conducted at Embrapa's Fazenda Santa Mônica in Valença, Rio de Janeiro, where they used only vegetable material, a slaughtered cow, and no water or agitation for the composting process. The temperature was checked regularly using a thermometer and it was found that the composting was effective even without additional input. The composting of carcasses is a proposed alternative to traditional methods to prevent contamination of groundwater and soil. The speaker also suggests that producers should make compost piles every six months, depending on the rate of mortality on their farms. He shows one compost pile and adds a newborn calf's remains to it. He explains that the maturity of the compost, which is free of harmful microorganisms after 90 days, is an important safety feature. The speaker clarifies that Marcelo Li had requested an analysis of viable eggs and helmints, but they had not done it during their study. Instead, they had used an indicator, Bacillus cereus, to evaluate the progress of the composting.
• 00:55:00 In this section of the YouTube video titled "Tratamento e uso de resíduos da pecuária leiteira, biodigestor e compostagem de carcaças," the speakers discuss their experience with evaluating eggs of helminths (parasitic worms) in their experiments. They explain that due to a lack of partnership or proper technique, they could not assess these eggs. Instead, they moved on to using the bacteria Bacillus cereus, which indicates the absence of helminth and clostridia eggs. The speaker explains that there is a possibility to evaluate helminth eggs through proper techniques, but they did not have those facilities for the mentioned experiment. Cleber de Assunção then comments on the use of serum from the dairy industry for cattle and how long it can be stored for use. The speakers clarify that they do not work with this application of dairy serum for cattle feeding, and they only explored the use of ricotta byproduct as a new biomass in their anaerobic biodigestion process. They appreciate the participation of viewers from various locations, including Rio Grande do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Ceará, Pernambuco, Sergipe, São Paulo, and Maranhão. The session is closing after an hour of live discussion, and the hosts thank Marcelo for his lecture and express gratitude to all the participants and those who asked questions during the event.