Summary of Manipulación Genética

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This video discusses genetic manipulation, focusing on the use of PCR to identify and characterize specific DNA fragments. This technology has become increasingly important for studying the molecular biology of living organisms. However, the technique's specificity and sensitivity are dependent on the purity and quantity of the sample being analyzed.

• 00:00:00 The video discusses the concept of genetic manipulation, focusing on the use of PCR to identify and characterize specific DNA fragments. This technology has become increasingly important for studying the molecular biology of living organisms. However, the technique's specificity and sensitivity are dependent on the purity and quantity of the sample being analyzed. Polymerase chain reaction is an enzyme-based technique that can amplify a specific DNA sequence to millions of copies. This technique is accurate and efficient, remaining specific even when samples contain a mixed mixture of DNA nucleotides.
• 00:05:00 This technology is used to shorten the time needed to produce enough experimental material. Compared to the time needed when traditional biological amplification methods are used, then methods requiring isolation and purification of nucleic acid are made easier when using PCR. The project goal is to create a human genome map, and this technology is essential for the project. However, there is no one specific protocol that can be used in a laboratory setting. Different companies announce specific kits for application in diagnostics or research in their specialized journals. This technology is described with specific time and temperature parameters, as well as number of cycles, which can vary according to the manufacturer, but in general all protocols described fulfill the three steps in each cycle. These steps are denaturing alignment, extension, and duplication. In this step, DNA polymerase stretches the fragments initiating DNA strands to their original length and introduces new complementary chains. This step usually takes 30 to 90 seconds and has a average duration of 30 to 90 seconds. Extension is when DNA polymerase stretches the terminated DNA strands to their original length. This step usually takes 30 to 60 seconds and has a average duration of 30 to 60 seconds. Selection is when the selected DNA is amplified. This step usually takes 1 to 3
• 00:10:00 The video discusses the use of genetic manipulation to reveal the presence of HIV-1 in individuals who do not show an effective immune response to this agent, and can be considered infected when standard diagnostic techniques are used. The search for tuberculosis bacteria in human tissues is slow and laborious with PCR, and the presence of only 10 bacteria per million human cells can be detected. PCR is a promising tool for early diagnosis of certain types of cancer. This technology allows the determination of the mutation of a specific gene controlling cell growth, for example the gene involved in cancer transformation. Monitoring cancer therapy is another possibility that can be exploited with PCR, resulting in ideal treatment when cancer cells have disappeared or begun to recur. The appearance of new diagnostic methods using PCR has had a significant impact on forensic reconstruction of genetic material. DNA has been amplified from specimens up to 2,400 years old, as well as from remains up to 7,500 years old analyzed by PCR. Genetic analysis of plant specimens is also possible with this technology, providing insights into the unique genetic makeup of individual humans. The amplification of multiple genes can clarify the degree of kinship between two individuals or their racial origins. Blood or semen samples can be valuable in