Summary of Lecture 8 - Data Splits, Models & Cross-Validation | Stanford CS229: Machine Learning (Autumn 2018)

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00:00:00 - 01:00:00

This lecture discusses the concept of data splits and models in machine learning. The instructor explains how to choose the best algorithm for a given task, and how to prevent overfitting with regularization.

00:00:00 In this lecture, Stanford CS229 instructor Dan Roth discusses the concept of bias and variance in machine learning and how to reduce it. He also discusses how to train and test machine learning models and gives some advice on how to select the best algorithm for a given task.
00:05:00 This lecture discusses the concept of data splits, models, and cross-validation. It explains that, even with the same data, different models can be better suited to the data depending on the order of the polynomial that is fitted. High bias and high variance are two terms that are used to describe an algorithm's performance when fitting data to a model.
00:10:00 In this lecture, Stanford CS229 student, Salimkhani, explains how to reduce bias and variance in learning algorithms. He points out that this is also true for binary classification problems and explains how to prevent overfitting with regularization.
00:15:00 Regularization is a term used in machine learning to prevent the learning algorithm from overfitting the data. Increasing the value of the regularization term, lambda, results in a fit that is better, while decreasing the value of lambda results in an underfitting fit.
00:20:00 The objective of the support vector machine is to minimize the norm of w squared. This is equivalent to maximizing the margin, or the geometric margin, and is a reason why SVMs can work in infinite dimensional feature spaces. Logistic regression with regularization is a good text classification algorithm if the number of examples is at least on the order of the number of parameters you want to fit.
00:25:00 Regularization is the process of adjusting a model's parameters in order to reduce bias and variance. The two ways to do this are to add a penalty on the norm of the parameters, or to minimize squared error.
00:30:00 In this lecture, Stanford CS229 instructor Jennifer Ouellette discusses Bayesian statistical analysis, which involves estimating the value of a parameter, often called "Theta", using data. The most likely value of Theta is determined using the Bayesian theorem of maximum a posteriori estimation, which is a frequentist technique. If P of Theta is assumed to be a Gaussian distribution with mean 0 and some variance, then the prior probability of Theta is also Gaussian. Map estimation is the process of finding the maximum a posteriori estimate of Theta given the data.
00:35:00 In this lecture, Stanford CS229 student Tariq Mehmood discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different types of data regularization, and illustrates this with an example of how model complexity affects training error. He also explains that regularization is a built-in feature of many machine learning algorithms, and that there is a range of degrees of regularization that are appropriate for different types of data.
00:40:00 This lecture discusses data splits, models, and cross-validation. The author describes a mechanistic procedure for finding the optimal value of a parameter in a model selection problem. This procedure involves splitting the data set into a training set and a development set, and training different models on the training set and measuring the error on the development set.
00:45:00 In machine learning, models are evaluated on a separate development set to avoid overfitting. The procedure described in this lecture is used to choose the best model.
00:50:00 This lecture discusses how to set up a train, dev, and test split for machine learning models. The traditional rule of thumb is to take 70% of the training data and 30% of the test data, but this is not always practical when working with large datasets. Modern machine learning practices often involve shrinking the train and dev data sets to reduce over-fitting.
00:55:00 When working with large datasets, it is often helpful to split the dataset into a training set and a dev set. The dev set is used to test the performance of the learning algorithm.

01:00:00 - 01:20:00

This lecture covers how to choose the best model for a given data set using k-fold cross-validation. Student Michael Nielsen explains how to add features to a linear classifier and how to iteratively improve performance by adding features until they no longer improve performance. He also presents a method for feature selection called forward search.