Summary of La península de los cinco reinos (Memoria de España 8/26)

00:00:00 - 00:45:00

This video discusses the history of Spain, starting with the Iberian Peninsula and moving on to the kingdom of Aragon and then to the Crown of Aragon. It discusses the five Spanish kings who ruled between 1230 and 1516, and the main points of their reigns.

• 00:00:00 This video discusses the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, which took place on August 26, 1212, and resulted in the Christian victory over the Almohades. King Alfonso VIII of Castile and León, Pedro the Catholic, and Sancho VII the Brave of Navarre participated in the battle. This victory opened the valley of the Guadalaquivir to Castilian and Leonese settlers. However, Alfonso's father, Fernando III, died just one year later, and hostilities among the Christian kingdoms led to the abandonment of the dream of reconquest of Muslim territory. This period of political turmoil allowed the Islamization of Granada, though a new Castilian-Leonese frontier was established in the south by the Admiral Bonifaz. Alfonso's reign was marked by the relegation of his father's expansionism to a secondary stage, while the use of gunpowder for the first time in Spain was revealed during this time. All these events would show that the situation in Andalusia was still unstable. However, Alfonso's main aspiration was to become emperor of the Germanic Holy Roman Empire, and he would finally achieve this in 1276.
• 00:05:00 During the 13th century, King Alfonso XIII (r. 1295-1327) promoted a wide range of cultural and literary endeavors in order to consolidate his power. One of his most important accomplishments was compiling the Bible, which is still in use today. Alfonso also played a significant role in the development of law, astronomy, and other sciences. One of his most famous achievements is his epitaph, which is written in three languages- Latin, Castilian, and Arabic- and is a testimony to the peaceful coexistence of the three major religions in his time. After Queen María de Molina's death in 1284, her son, Alfonso XI's son Fernando IV, became king. However, due to Fernando's death a few months later, Alfonso XI became the ruler. At the age of just 16, Alfonso had to deal with a complex succession issue caused by Fernando's death. The nobles of both crowns, Aragón and Castile, fought for dominance over the young king. In the end, the nobility of Castile, with the help of the popular class, won out and forced Fernando's younger brothers, the Infantes of the Lamb, to abdicate in favor of Alfonso. Alfonso XI
• 00:10:00 The video discusses the traditional sense of the five kingdoms in Spanish, which would refer to an administrative or political organization that ensured the existence of a dominant power. Later, military orders would be responsible for coordinating population movement in certain geographic areas, such as Extremadura or the Moorish frontier in the Middle Ages. A new system of population redistribution was implemented in the 13th century, based on the respective contributions of participants to military campaigns. These distributions affected among other areas the regions of Baleares, Valencia, or Andalusia. The nobility used a system of greater inheritance to protect their property, by which the eldest son would be the heir who would perpetuate the family's lineage and property. The second son would have to find a livelihood in the military or in the clergy. The influence of the nobility made Andalusia and other central peninsular regions dominantly inhabited by large landowning nobility. In Andalusia, and in other regions of the center, the largest livestock herds were located in the south, near the border. Urban settlements began to form along the Way of Santiago, and they would lose a large portion of their economic power to new burgos (towns) in the south, which would provide essential goods for
• 00:15:00 Castilla was able to replace the supply of flax fiber from Flanders with its own production thanks to the weaving of woolen cloth in the northern regions. Castilla would like to add more inventions to its repertoire before passing them on to others. It is important for people to get to know each other's languages so that the dissolution of the Latin language gave way to the emergence of the Romance languages, which were the most important in the Peninsula. The Moorish language, Galician, Portuguese, Catalan, and Castilian (or Spanish) were the most important in terms of geographical incidence. Other languages with less importance geographically, such as Asturian, Basque, Leonese, and Navarro, maintained their own languages in the valleys. The Vasco language was spoken in areas that encompassed the five kingdoms of Navarre, Castile, Leon, Aragon, and Portugal. The Romance languages began to spread more widely in the 12th century, with Castilian emerging as the most dominant language in the Peninsula. Ramón Llull, an author in both Latin and Catalan, was one of the most significant writers in the 12th century. He is best known for his book, "The Art of Science," which contains philosophical concepts in both Latin
• 00:20:00 The video discusses the five kingdoms of medieval Spain - Aragon, Castile, Navarre, León, and Galicia. The kingdom of Aragon was given its name by those who, for commercial or other reasons, perceived the territory as a whole to be divided between Muslims and Christians, and divided between these in Galician-speaking regions. The Castilian advances coincided with the beginning of the expansion of the Aragonese Crown to the Levant and conquest of Mallorca by Jaime I. This king, after a difficult childhood under the care of the Knights Templar, ended the anarchy that prevailed in his states after the tragic death of his father and proposed to the Cortes the difficult enterprise of the conquest of the Balearic Islands, which had already failed his grandfather, Ramón Berenguer III. The beginning of the Mediterranean expansion of the Aragonese Crown with the beneplacite of the merchants and the Catalan Church, as well as important noble families, in 1229 resulted in the conquest of Medina Mallorca which passed to be called the Ciudad de Mallorca in the palace of the Arab al-Mudaina. The establishment of the Court in this city coincided with the arrival of an Aragonese expedition sponsored by the
• 00:25:00 This video discusses the history of Spain, starting with the Iberian Peninsula and moving on to the kingdom of Aragon and then to the Crown of Aragon, which was ruled by Pedro el Grande (1276-1285). Pedro was a man of experience in both military and political affairs, and he was able to appease the nobility by granting privileges in particular the General Privilege of 1283. This led to the revolutionary uprising of Sicily in 1282, known popularly as the Sicilian Vespers. Pedro was able to take the crown of Sicily from the nobles in exchange for their support in his military campaigns. This expanded Aragon's maritime presence in the Mediterranean, leading to the enmity of the French papacy. Pedro was excommunicated by the Pope, but nevertheless conquered Barcelona and Valencia from the Almohads in 1285. This led to Aragon's incorporation into the Crown of Castile. The development of maritime trade required the creation of markets and fairs which never became internationalized as they did in Catalonia, but benefited cities such as Valladolid, Seville, or Medinaceli in the countryside. Castile, Aragon, and Navarre continued their expansion of their domains over the remnants of the Almoh
• 00:30:00 This video discusses the history of the Iberian Peninsula, focusing on the reigns of the five Spanish kings who ruled between 1230 and 1516. The main points are: Leon the Lion ruled Spain in 1230 and did not produce any children, which led to the legitimization of Sancho VII of Navarre to take the throne. This adoption was reinforced with a loan granted by the King of Navarre to Jaime I, first for his campaigns in Mallorca and Valencia, but Jaime's death in 1234 caused the secular and ecclesiastical Navarrese magnates to rescind the union. The Navarrese throne passed to Teobaldo of Champagne, Sancho's brother, as the most legitimate heir. With the arrival of the House of Champagne, the dynasty of Jimena came to an end and the rule of the Jimenes was replaced with a series of French houses. The extirpation of the House of Campania in 1284 signified the enthronement of the Capetian dynasty, turning Navarre into a kingdom satellite of France. The direct connection between the French crown and Navarre ceased in 1300, when the Navarrese kings began to establish ties with the German Holy Roman Empire through
• 00:35:00 The following is a transcript excerpt of a YouTube video titled "La península de los cinco reinos (Memoria de España 8/26)", which follows the pontifices' pressure on the Spanish kings and the resulting 1215 Lateran Council's order that Jews wear a distinguishing badge to avoid being mistaken for Christians. This led to a wave of disturbances among the Jewish communities and some influential members of the clergy never threatened to leave Spanish Muslim lands still extensive and rich. In 1219, the king agreed to this request to avoid serious conflicts between him and the nobility. The institutional evolution of Christian Spanish kingdoms over the course of the 13th century will be similar to that of the rest of the Western monarchies. The king's power was largely exercised through the courts, parliament, and assemblies, in which representatives of the three estates--nobility, clergy, and bourgeoisie--were present. However, from the 1188s onwards, the assemblies were considered political bodies, rather than just educational institutions, presided over by the king, which gathered together free men of all social classes. In the Iberian Peninsula, the first center of high culture in a cathedral school capable of attracting students from other places was the one in
• 00:40:00 This video describes the history of Spain and the unique situation of the Jewish and Muslim communities there. The Jews and Muslims had their own courts and legal systems, and Spanish literature and philosophy flourished under their influence. In 1325, after years of turmoil, King Alfonso XI began his reign and began to consolidate power. He eliminated the power of the nobility and bureaucracies, and strengthened the central government. In 1348, he enacted important legislation to protect the autonomy of the municipalities. Alfonso XI was a good ruler and won many battles, but he died of the plague in 1349. His son, Enrique II, continued the reforms, but was killed in 1369, and the kingdom was divided between his two sons. Enrique II's daughter, Joan I, took the throne and re-established the monarchy. The video ends with the death of Joan I in 1379 and the start of the long reign of her son, King Pedro I.
• 00:45:00 This video recalls the history of Spain, from the time when Pedro, the illegitimate son of the king, inherited the crown to the time when the people fought with the nobility over the title of justiciero. In 1150, the Monastery of Saints Constantine and Helen was founded in Tarragona, Catalonia, by the Moncada family. In 1200, after the incorporation of Sicily into the crown of Aragon, this region was fragmented into three kingdoms - the kingdom ruled by the main branch of the dynasty, the kingdom of Mallorca and Sicily ruled by members of the same family, and the kingdom of Valencia governed by members of the House of Barcelona. Jaime the Second, the Just, was able to incorporate the kingdom of Valencia into the kingdom of Aragon, and at the same time, abandoned the idea of occupying the kingdom of Murcia. He also exercised a hegemonic role in the Mediterranean, resolving disputes with the Byzantines. After the short reign of Alfonso the Gentle, Pedro the Ceremonious will ascend the throne of Aragon in 1300, and will reign for 51 years, during which the internal struggles, the Black Death, and repeated wars with Castile will mark a long period of titanic efforts and pre