Summary of Alessandro Barbero: Perché l'Italia diventò fascista - Racconti di Storia

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00:00:00 - 01:00:00

Alessandro Barbero discusses how Italy became fascist, focusing on the role of propaganda in shaping public opinion. He describes how the government used propaganda to convince the public that the war was not over, and how this led to the downfall of the fascist regime.

00:00:00 Alessandro Barbero discusses how Italy became fascist in the wake of the Caporetto disaster, describing how public opinion was swayed by the testimonies of those involved and the journalists who wrote about it. He also looks at the early signs of fascism in Italy, before the march on Rome. He ends the talk by discussing how this early fascistic behavior led to the much more violent and authoritarian regime of fascism.
00:05:00 This video discusses the reasons why Italy became fascist, and focuses on General Capello's views on propaganda and conditioning troops for battle. General Capello's ideas were not well received by most of his subordinates, and ultimately led to his downfall in the Caporetto campaign.
00:10:00 Alessandro Barbero discusses the reasons why Italy became fascist, focusing on the role of propaganda in shaping public opinion. He refers to a general who says that the Italian soldier is intelligent and capable of great sacrifice. Barbero then discusses the second Italian army, made up of preachers and fake prophets who attempted to deceive the soldier. In the end, the general tells the parliamentary commission investigating Caporetto that the average Italian soldier is intelligent and can see through propaganda. This revelation leads to the downfall of the fascist regime in July 1943.
00:15:00 In the video, Alessandro Barbero tells the story of why Italy became fascist, describing the split between military and civilian officials, the retreat of the Italian army, and the massive numbers of refugees who flooded the country after the Austrian army was repelled. Many of these soldiers and civilians were kept in poverty by the government, until the end of the war, when they were finally repatriated to their homes. Barbero concludes the video by saying that the country's defeat was catastrophic, not only for the military and nation, but for the entire population. It is important to remember this history, he says, because the public's impression of the war was shaped by the propaganda of the government and the military leaders, who were very happy with the outcome. However, the testimonies of the soldiers themselves show that the majority of them were content with the outcome of the war- victory, not defeat. This peaceful population was shocked when, a few months after the war ended, the military began a massive retreat.
00:20:00 Alessandro Barbero tells the story of how Italy became fascist, describing how it was a sudden, inexplicable change that many people could not understand. Barbero and his friend Orlando return to Rome and report on what is happening. Barbero mentions that it is hard to understand what is happening unless you consider the idea that hundreds of thousands of men have suddenly accepted one idea. Barbero and the king get pulled into the wave of people fleeing fascism. None of them resisted or showed any signs of rebellion. Barbero recalls how the general, minister of war, Giovanni G.ardino, drove through traffic in his car with the head of the armed forces on his lap, completely ignoring the fleeing civilians. He says that even the armed and uniformed civilians were behaving normally. The next day, Amendola, a high-ranking military officer and journalist, describes returning home from a protest march in Verona and finding his house empty. His wife told him that the farmers were having a party and that the peasants were coming home from their fields singing and laughing. Amendola says that this experience changed his opinion of the protesters and he began to sympathize with them. He believes that the Italian political class will be able to handle the situation. However, he warns that this
00:25:00 This video tells the story of how fascism came to Italy, starting with General Cadorna's writing in Rome, warning of the dangers of socialist and priest opposition to the war. Soldiers went on leave to listen to the Reds, who would then turn around and ruin the morale of the army. Cadorna goes on to say that he doesn't answer to this army of soldiers, who should go home and listen to the Reds. What he calls the "Russian Revolution" (actually, October 1917) changed everything, and soon generals were worrying that Italy, too, might be in for a revolution. In November, news arrives of a revolution in Russia, and by February, the Italian people know that the zar has already been deposed. Fascism, as a reaction to the growing power of the working class and peasantry, takes hold in Italy in October-November 1917, with the beginning of a "bread and circuses" period, when the working class and peasantry are allowed to celebrate the end of the war. Soon after, in November 1917, Italian soldiers learn that the war is actually over. This soldier, writing 50 years later, remembers the feeling of panic and hopelessness among the generals and government officials when they realized that Italy was also
00:30:00 In this video, Alessandro Barbero discusses how fascism came to Italy, and how it spread among the masses in retreat. He recalls the popular slogans of the time, such as "viva la pace" and "viva il papa." Barbero also talks about how the Italian government reacted to the retreat of the army, which was happy about the turn of events. This false sense of security was short-lived, however, as the government quickly made soldiers aware that the war was not over. Barbero talks about the different emotions that soldiers felt upon returning home. He also mentions some of the intellectuals who volunteered to fight in the war, such as Cesare De Lollis. De Lollis is a professor and nationalistic poet who was also a volunteer soldier. Barbero concludes the video by saying that he wants peace, but knows that it will be difficult to achieve.
00:35:00 This video discusses how the fascist Italy became a reality, with stories from history about how the country went from being proud to defeat to a complete ruin. There is a group of artillery positioned far from Caporetto, which was not involved in the initial days of the war. Then, they receive news of something terrible, and must retreat. The commander of the group must give up his officers, as well as the knowledge of what is happening, and they begin mixing true and false stories. Today, we call these uncontrolled rumors "fake news." This officer's ignorant troops are told suddenly that the Germans had entered Udine, something true that happened in Italy during the revolution. That shame was the downfall of Italy. There is a group of artillery that was positioned far from Caporetto, which was not involved in the initial days of the war. Then, they receive news of something terrible, and must retreat. The commander of the group must give up his officers, as well as the knowledge of what is happening, and they begin mixing true and false stories. Today, we call these uncontrolled rumors "fake news." This officer's ignorant troops are told suddenly that the Germans had entered Udine, something true that happened in Italy during the revolution. That shame was the
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00:45:00 This video tells the story of Alessandro Barbero, a young Italian officer who fled his country in the 1930s because he believed that the government was planning to execute him. Barbero tells stories of other Italian soldiers who shared his beliefs and how their disillusionment with the government led to the country's Fascism. He also discusses a soldier who was convinced that the Austrian army was behind Italy's defeat in World War II. 50 years after the event, the soldier's memories still haunt him.
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00:55:00 Alessandro Barbero discusses how fascism came to Italy, and how the country's military officers were duped by the propaganda of pacifism. He recalls an incident in which two officers refused to hand over their rifles to their Zaini (backpacks) and were instead court-martialed and shot dead by Barbero's troops that night. Barbero himself was sad to have to carry out the executions, but he believed it was necessary to save Italy from itself. The story of this military debacle is widely known, but there are still some questions that remain unanswered, such as who was really responsible for the failure of Italy's army. Nevertheless, the main point is clear: to prevent Italy from descending into chaos, military commanders had to be ruthless in executing turncoats.

01:00:00 - 01:10:00

Alessandro Barbero discusses the responsibility of Italy's leaders in the 1930s for the country's Nazi-influenced Fascism. He also discusses the importance of propaganda during this time and how effective it was in turning the public against democracy and liberalism. Finally, he talks about a comic strip he came across that depicts Italian President Vittorio Emanuele Orlando begging Allied leaders for help as Italy's government falls into disarray.