Summary of System Design Interview – Step By Step Guide

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00:00:00 - 01:00:00

This video discusses how to design a scalable and reliable data processing system. It covers topics such as identifying functional pieces of a problem, designing a scalable SQL database, and understanding how data is processed. The video also covers concepts such as buffering and batching, timeouts, and load balancing.

  • 00:00:00 System design interview questions often involve identifying key functional pieces of a problem and clarifying requirements. Questions in the categories of users, scale, performance, and cost are important for ensuring that the system will meet the needs of the users. Specific questions in each category help to understand how the system will be used and what data will be processed by it.
  • 00:05:00 The interviewer asks questions in the performance and cost categories to help evaluate different design options. If time is a concern, batch data processing is not an option because it is too slow. If the interviewer asks about data retrieval speed, it's a warning sign that the interviewer does not have a high level of expertise in systems design.
  • 00:10:00 The interviewer is asking questions about the high-level architecture for a system design, and the steps involved. The interviewer is asking about whether or not to store individual events or aggregated data, and whether or not to do it in real-time or delay the data for a few minutes. The interviewer is interested in the expected data delay, and the two options will depend on that.
  • 00:15:00 The system designer discusses how to design a system that is scalable, fast, and available, while also addressing the requirements of data consistency, sharding, and replica set design.
  • 00:20:00 This video discusses how to design a scalable SQL database using Cluster Proxy, NoSQL databases, and Cassandra. Cluster Proxy allows clients to call any node in the cluster, and nodes communicate with each other using a gossip protocol. Cassandra offers tunable consistency, which allows nodes to remain consistent even if some replicas are behind.
  • 00:25:00 The interviewer asks the candidate where to start when designing a data processing system for Youtube. The candidate responds that requirements must be considered first, followed by architectures for different databases. The interviewer then asks the candidate how to process events quickly and not lose data.
  • 00:30:00 This video discusses how to design a scalable and reliable system, focusing on understanding how data is processed. The interviewer discusses the pros and cons of push and pull processing, and how to partition data for parallel processing.
  • 00:35:00 The System Design Interview covers how a consumer reads events from a partition and sends them to a database. The Interview also covers how to implement multi-threaded access and how to preserve order of events.
  • 00:40:00 The video discusses the different components of a data ingestion pipeline, including a database and processing service, and how they work together. The main points are that a blocking system creates one thread per connection, whereas a non-blocking system can handle multiple connections in parallel, and that the price of a non-blocking system is increased complexity of operations.
  • 00:45:00 This video discusses the concepts of buffering and batching, timeouts, and load balancing. It explains that buffering and batching can increase throughput, but introduce complexity on the client and server side. The Circuit Breaker pattern is used to prevent clients from repeatedly trying to execute an operation that's likely to fail.
  • 00:50:00 The video discusses the benefits of using load balancers and goes on to discuss the specific components of a system that need to be designed to take advantage of the load balancer, such as the partitioner service and partitions. The final part of the design is to specify a rule for which partition gets which message.
  • 00:55:00 Single leader replication is the best approach for partitioning, as it ensures that events are not lost if the partition machine goes down. This is useful for scaling a database.

01:00:00 - 01:20:00

This video is a great resource for anyone looking to learn the basics of system design interview questions. The video covers everything from data ingestion and processing to non-functional requirements and bottlenecks.

  • 01:00:00 The data ingestion path involves reading data from a database or other storage source, and the data retrieval path involves aggregating data over time or intervals. The data ingestion path is easier, and the data retrieval path is more complex, but they both have their benefits.
  • 01:05:00 The interviewer describes how a system design interview should include a discussion of the technology stack the applicant is using. The interviewer goes on to discuss how the technology stack can be used to process events and aggregate them in memory. The interviewer also discusses how a cloud-based solution such as Amazon Kinesis could be used.
  • 01:10:00 The interviewer challenges the interviewee with their choices made in designing a system for time-series data. The goals of this exercise are to ensure understanding of tradeoffs and scalability. The interviewer asks about identifying bottlenecks, testing under a heavy load, and instrumenting components with monitoring of their health.
  • 01:15:00 The system design interview covers requirements clarification and non-functional requirements, high-level architecture, and detailed component discussion. The interviewer helps the interviewer understand what components should be focus on. The last important step is to discuss bottlenecks and how to deal with them.
  • 01:20:00 In this video, system design basics are covered, including understanding data, how it is stored, transferred, and processed. Next, nonfunctional requirements are outlined, with a focus on scalability, availability, and performance. After this, a high-level design is created, with data and components focused on. Finally, the interviewer helps the presenter to drive the conversation and understand the key concepts.

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