Summary of Clase 1 Biomecanica

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00:00:00 - 01:00:00

This video discusses the foundational concepts of biomechanics, starting with anatomy and the body's systems, including muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems. Posture and position are explained, along with the skeletal system and the different types of joints that exist within the human body. The speaker emphasizes the importance of understanding joint mechanics and introduces the concept of levers and muscle contractions. The different types of levers and muscle contractions are explained using examples. Overall, this section provides a comprehensive overview of the basics of biomechanics and lays the foundation for further study on the subject.

00:00:00 In this section, the instructor provides a general overview of the study of anatomy, which is the branch of morphology that deals with the structure of organized bodies, including the human body. He notes that biomechanics focuses on the surface, microscopic, and gross anatomy, as well as the body's systems, including muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems. He also outlines other systems such as the endocrine, integumentary, urinary, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems. Finally, he explains the difference between posture and position and provides an example of segmental alignment during a moment in time.
00:05:00 In this section, the instructor explains the importance of aligning body segments to maintain a proper posture, which refers to the dynamic alignment of body segments at a given time. He emphasizes that the human body is constantly moving, and there is no such thing as a static posture in the long term. The body has been divided into three basic postures: bipedal, supine, and decubitus, and has been divided into three planes - the frontal, sagittal, and transverse planes. The instructor explains the direction terms used for each plane and elaborates on terms such as medial, lateral, anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, proximal, distal, internal, and external.
00:10:00 In this section, the instructor discusses the terms "lateral" and "contra lateral" in the human body, specifically in movements. He explains that movements towards the same side are lateral movements while movements towards different sides are contra lateral movements. He also introduces the concept of "chain movements" using the example of a bike chain, where a rotational movement generates tension, resulting in movement. Additionally, the instructor notes the different positions one can assume, naming them decubitus supine, decubitus prone, and decubitus lateral, with the prone position recently becoming popularized.
00:15:00 In this section, the video discusses the importance of posture and positioning for individuals with respiratory issues, particularly in the case of COVID-19. It is suggested that placing patients in a prone position can help alleviate pressure on the lungs and improve breathing. The focus then shifts to the human skeleton, specifically the hip joint and the movements that occur at the hip, such as rotation. The video also examines the movements of the knee joint, noting the flexion of one knee and extension of the other.
00:20:00 In this section, the speaker discusses the ability to understand human movement in biomechanics by analyzing angles, forces, and vectors. The skeletal system is also introduced, with a classification of bones based on their shape, such as long, short, flat, and irregular bones. The two main skeletal systems are the axial skeleton, consisting of the head, neck, trunk, and vertebral column, and the appendicular skeleton, consisting of the upper and lower limbs. Overall, the section sets the foundation for the study of biomechanics and understanding the human body's movement.
00:25:00 In this section, the instructor explains the different types of joints that exist within the human body. Joints can be classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial and the latter have the most movement. Fibrous joints can move slightly, while cartilaginous joints can be either hyaline or fibrocartilage. The instructor emphasizes the importance of understanding the mechanics of the spinal column, as it relates to biomechanics. He notes that as cartilage stiffens over time, it can affect the movement of joints and that the different types of joints are present in various parts of the body.
00:30:00 In this section, the speaker discusses general concepts of biomechanics and specifically mentions the intervertebral discs and how they can be affected and damaged causing a herniated disc. They then move on to discussing synovial joints, which are divided into simple and compound joints, and how they are lubricated by synovial fluid to reduce friction during movement. The speaker also explains that joints can be classified by tissue type, axes of movement, and shape.
00:35:00 In this section, the teacher discusses the three types of joint movement based on the number of axes involved - uniaxial, biaxial, and triaxial. He then explains the two types of joints based on their structure - hinge and pivot joints - and gives examples of each. The students ask questions about the different types of joints, and the teacher gives more examples to clarify his explanations. Lastly, he talks about polyaxial joints, which are characterized by their rounded shape and are also called ball-and-socket joints, and gives an example of one in the hip joint.
00:40:00 In this section, the instructor introduces the concept of bi-axial and poly-axial joints to the students. He explains that if a joint moves in two planes, it would generate a third axis on decomposition, which makes it a poly-axial joint. He provides an example of the wrist joint, which moves in flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction, generating multiple axes due to vector decomposition. The instructor emphasizes that the human body does not have bi-axial joints but only poly-axial joints.
00:45:00 In this section, the lecturer discusses examples of different types of joints, including pivot, hinge, ellipsoidal, and ball and socket joints. The use of muscles is also discussed, including their ability to generate energy and force through contractions. The two proteins involved in muscle contraction, myosin and actin, are mentioned, and the source of post-exercise muscle soreness is explored. Finally, a muscle model is presented for further analysis.
00:50:00 In this section, the speaker discusses the structure of muscles, including the fascicle and muscle fiber. The muscle is covered by the origin and insertion, with the former being less mobile and connected to the muscle via a tendon. The speaker also highlights various types of muscle contractions, including isometric and isotonic. Additionally, the concept of levers, and their importance in muscle function, is introduced.
00:55:00 In this section, the video discusses the components of a lever; the support, power, and resistance, as well as the levels of a lever, which are the first, second, and third levels. The lever's level is defined by the component in its center, with the support being in the center of the first level, the resistance in the center of the second level, and the power in the center of the third level. The video also explains the concepts of isotonic concentric and isotonic eccentric muscle contractions, with an example of a person doing push-ups. Finally, the video discusses the examples of first, second, and third-level levers, and the importance of agonists and antagonists in muscle movements.

01:00:00 - 01:05:00

In the video "Clase 1 Biomecanica," the instructor explains the concepts of agonists, synergists, and antagonists in the context of biomechanics. The example of the elbow is used to demonstrate how the agonist and antagonist constantly alternate roles, leading to movement in the joints. The video also includes a task for students to analyze movements in sports by selecting an image and describing the movements made by two or three joints according to tissue, axis, and shape. The final objective is to complete a comprehensive analysis of a particular sports movement.