Summary of The Human Microbiome: A New Frontier in Health

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The human microbiome is a new frontier in health, as it has been linked to conditions such as obesity and asthma. In one study, it was found that infants who had a higher level of a certain molecule in their gut microbiome were more likely to develop obesity later in life. The team is currently conducting clinical trials to test a new therapy that aims to re-engineer the gut microbiome in infants at high risk of developing asthma and obesity.

  • 00:00:00 The human microbiome is a field of research that studies the diverse communities of bacteria, fungi, and viruses that live on and in the human body. The field has been growing in popularity in recent years due to its potential to impact human health, and in this video, we provide a brief overview of human microbiome 101 and some of the work that UCSF is doing to leverage findings in this field. We then shift to discussing how microbes are studied using reductionist methods, and how molecular tools are used to identify microbes without culturing them. Finally, we discuss how microbes are studied and how reductionist methods fail to capture the complexity of microbial life. Future work in the field is focused on using molecular tools to target specific genes to better understand microbial communities and their interactions with human hosts.
  • 00:05:00 The human microbiome is a vast collection of bacteria, fungi, and viruses that live in and on human cells. These tools have allowed scientists to explore the vast range of microbes that exist on and inside of human cells, and to better understand how these microbes interact with each other and with human cells.
  • 00:10:00 The human microbiome is a vast community of microbial and mammalian cells that co-evolve with us. The microbiome affects our health in a number of ways, from influencing how our gastrointestinal cells behave to influencing our immune response. There is an immense genetic capacity of the microbiome, with nearly 10 million microbial genes found in 1,200 fecal samples. This ancillary microbial genome is highly active and plays an important role in human physiology.
  • 00:15:00 This study looked at the gut microbiomes of adults from different nations and found that the U.S. gut microbiome is different from those of Malawian and Amerindian populations. The differences in diet between the U.S. and less developed nations may be responsible for the differences in gut microbiomes.
  • 00:20:00 The human microbiome is a new frontier in health, with studies showing that it can influence conditions such as obesity and depression. The study presented showed that the gut microbiome can be transferred to mice, setting up an obesogenic microbiome in those animals and causing them to gain weight at a much faster rate. This suggests that the microbiome is responsible in large part for obesity in this case.
  • 00:25:00 The human microbiome is a new frontier in health, with multiple indications where it can recapitulate features of the disease in a mouse. Fecal microbial transplant is not new, and has been used in 5th century Chinese medicine to treat gastrointestinal conditions. In recent years, it's been shown for autism spectrum disorder, Clostridium difficile infection, and ulcerative colitis. However, fecal microbial transplant does not work for Crohn's disease, at least the way it was tried in a single colonoscopy delivery study.
  • 00:30:00 The human microbiome has recently been discovered to play a significant role in human health. A transcript excerpt from a YouTube video discussing the human microbiome is followed by a 1- paragraph summary of the research. The study found that children with asthma have fewer regulatory T-cells, which lead to increased inflammation and susceptibility to the disease. The study also found that breastfeeding, exposure to livestock, and living in an environment with diverse microbial populations are all associated with decreased rates of allergy and asthma in childhood.
  • 00:35:00 The study found that supplementation with live Lactobacillus johnsonii reduced inflammation and prevented airway pathology in mice after respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. This suggests that the gut microbiome may play a role in protecting the airways from inflammation.
  • 00:40:00 The human microbiome is a new frontier in health, and by changing the gut microbiome we can protect the airways of animals. One of the metabolites that was found to be responsible for this change was polyunsaturated fatty acids. This research was conducted in mice, but the implications for humans are still being studied.
  • 00:45:00 The human microbiome is a new frontier in health, as high-risk babies start life with a different microbiome from healthy babies. This study found that babies with the one-month old neonatal gut microbiome were at significantly higher risk of developing atopic allergies at age two and asthma years later. The gut microbiomes of these babies were highly increased for allergenic fungi, rodatorola and Candida. These findings suggest that the neonatal gut microbiome might be tolerogenic and educate the immune response in a different way from the gut microbiome of high-risk babies which is full of potential pathogens. Further research is needed to test this hypothesis.
  • 00:50:00 The human microbiome is a new frontier in health, with research demonstrating that the gut microbiome can influence the development of allergies and asthma. This research focuses on a molecule, 12,13 DiHOME, which is produced as a result of the metabolism of linoleic acid. In healthy babies, their gut microbiomes are enriched for this molecule, and high-risk babies have higher concentrations of this molecule. This molecule can increase the allergic response in mice, by inducing the production of inflammatory cells and IgE. Taken together, these findings suggest that the gut microbiome may play a role in the development of allergies and asthma.
  • 00:55:00 According to the video, a new frontier in health is understanding the role of the gut microbiome in allergic and asthma development. The study found that having more epoxide hydrolase gene expression in the gut microbiome of one-month-olds increased the risk of developing allergies and asthma years later in childhood. Further, increasing levels of 12,13 diHOME in the feces of babies increased their risk of developing obesity. The team is currently conducting clinical trials to test a new therapy that aims to re-engineer the gut microbiome in infants at high risk of developing asthma and obesity.

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The human microbiome is a new frontier in health, with potential implications for a variety of chronic diseases. Researchers are still learning about the microbiome and its effects, but early intervention may be key to changing the course of disease development.

  • 01:00:00 The human microbiome is a new frontier in health, with implications for obesity, asthma, and periodontal disease. Early intervention could change the course of disease development.
  • 01:05:00 The human microbiome is a new frontier in health, with efforts being made to target specific microbes with phage therapy, diet, and probiotics. Not all probiotics are equal, and the quantity and type of microbes present in probiotic supplements vary greatly.
  • 01:10:00 The human microbiome is a new frontier in health, with research revealing that it could be detrimental to the consumer. In a study published in preparation for publication, researchers found that the presence of a specific type of immune cell response correlated with the presence of a specific type of microbe in human fetal meconium. However, until more is known about the maternal microbiome during pregnancy, treatment in this stage of development is not recommended.
  • 01:15:00 The human microbiome is a new frontier in health, with potential for treating chronic inflammatory diseases. Manipulation of the microbiome may be a higher bar for treating established diseases, but there are studies looking into whether gut bacteria can be manipulated to reverse obesity.
  • 01:20:00 Microbes play an important role in human health, and researchers are still learning about the microbiome and its effects. One study found that the human gut microbiome is dominated by a ratio of 3 to 1, compared to the obese microbiome. It will likely take a long-term intervention to restore the gut microbiome to a healthy state.

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