Summary of Chi ha nascosto l'Antimateria

00:00:00 - 00:50:00

In this video, physicists discuss the discovery of new particles that can decay into other particles. These particles, called b0 particles, are important because they could explain why the matter/antimatter asymmetry remains even after the big bang. However, the particle's existence is still a mystery and scientists are trying to find a way to measure its existence more accurately.

• 00:00:00 Paul Dirac was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933 for his work on quantum mechanics, which explained the behavior of matter and radiation. In a lecture given in 1936, he said that to understand how antimatter works, we need to consider a hypothetical case in which the Earth is actually a star. Half of the stars in the universe may be made of antimatter, he said. However, to date there has been no experimental evidence to support this theory.
• 00:05:00 In 1932, scientists discovered that there is an element that does not obey the laws of physics, called "antimatter." This discovery was groundbreaking, as it opened up the possibility that there are other dimensions out there, and that our universe is not the only one. In the 1950s, scientists started to create artificial particles called "antiproton." In 1960, they created the "anti-neutron." These discoveries led to many technological advances, such as the development of powerful particle accelerators. However, the question of why certain cosmic rays are so degraded has remained unanswered. In recent years, scientists have been looking for ways to create artificial antiparticles in the laboratory.
• 00:10:00 The researchers of the University of Ferrara, Italy, have hypothesized that antimatter might have been stored in vast clusters of galaxies that are very far away from each other. This would mean that we have imagined a separate universe, made of matter, that we know exists but is made of antimatter. When this is known, from science fiction, for centuries, antimatter has been touching matter and releasing energy, so there is always a zone of boundary between the two universes where particles of the one would collide with particles of the other, and thus we would see flashes of light as these particles collide. This has not been observed, however, and scientists are beginning to ask themselves why. They believe that at the beginning of the universe, matter and antimatter should have been produced together in equal amounts, and that as the universe expanded and cooled, the matter took over. They say that we know the age of the universe to very high precision, and that 13.78 billion years has evolved from an extremely hot moment, when there was a high concentration of energy, to a gradual expansion and cooling over the course of several million years. This universe then began to expand, reach its current size, and cool down, turning this energy into matter. Everything that exists today essentially
• 00:15:00 This video discusses the concept of antimatter, and how it exists in our universe. In the past, scientists believed that antimatter didn't exist, but now they know that it does, and it plays an important role in the universe. There is a time in the universe where we must stop and take a step back in our understanding because it's an event that takes place over a shorter time than a second divided by 36 zeroes, or 10 to the minus 36th seconds. The universe expands and expands over time, and eventually there's a expansion that happens much faster than scientists thought possible. There are some reasons to believe that this expansion happened in this way, but during a very small time period, the universe occupies a space that is much larger than expected. This is called inflation. Inflation is very important because it's during this period that the universe creates an equilibrium between matter and antimatter. Occasionally, antimatter particles will be destroyed, and not be reproduced again. For example, think about a society where children are routinely killed at birth. Then you have a society where there is a gender imbalance, in which there are not enough males or females. This is what inflation does, it creates an equilibrium where you don't have a gender imbalance.
• 00:20:00 The video discusses the difference between particles and antiparticles, and how this small difference can have a catastrophic effect. Today, we no longer have an antiparticle that comes from the big bang, and this is why we're trying to understand this phenomenon with experimental equipment and theoretical models. As a result, matter is disappearing completely and this is also happening to particles of lighter weight, such as leptons. The difference between this process and the so-called "ecto-genesis" is called "vario-geneesis." In technical terms, this small difference is called "various genesis." However, this effect is catastrophic and today we no longer have a particle that falls apart in this way. The universe is cooling down and we're almost at 380,000 years old, which is still quite a while compared to 13 billion years, but something very interesting is happening. Matter is cooling down the nuclei and they start to form particles again – these are no longer capable of moving very much and they start to approach each other. This proximity creates the first atoms of lightweight molecules, such as helium and deuterium. This universe that was so dense became gradually less dense and filled with particles that constantly interact. This cloud of particles begins to fall
• 00:25:00 In this video, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is introduced, and its purpose is explained. Then, four experiments at the LHC are described. Finally, the matter-antimatter annihilation problem is discussed, and the Standard Model of particle physics is introduced.
• 00:30:00 In this video, imagine that protons pass through here. They interact here and we say that out of these interactions, a stream of particles emerges. These particles then invade and take over the apparatus, this elaborate defense system, and they are in charge of capturing different particles. When seen from a distance, it appears to be simple. However, if one were to descend 100 meters and look closer, they would see that there is nothing there. All that is present is a mess. We say that in order to understand what is happening, one must have a certain level of imagination. We spend our lives trying to figure out what is inside these sprays of particles and then later I will explain what we are looking for in these particle sprays. We then go back to theoretical physics and try to understand possible mechanisms that explain the disappearance of antimatter. Then, as I said before, we must have a mechanism that violates a physical law known as CP. This law states that particles and antiparticles tend to disappear before particles in an equilibrium state. Once we have found the mechanism, we must also have a phenomenon that changes state. In the Big Bang, this is what we call a transition. There are countless transitions, but
• 00:35:00 In this video, physicists discuss the discovery of new particles that can decay into other particles. These particles, called b0 particles, are important because they could explain why the matter/antimatter asymmetry remains even after the big bang. However, the particle's existence is still a mystery and scientists are trying to find a way to measure its existence more accurately.
• 00:40:00 This video explains how the Italian High-Energy Physics (LHC) research project has been ongoing for over three decades and will continue for another three years. The main focus of the LHC is to study the elusive particle known as antimatter. However, more research is needed in order to explain why matter (antimatter) is not really necessary for the universe. Currently, there is no scientific justification for why matter (antimatter) should exist, and new data and studies are needed in order to make any definitive conclusions. Nevertheless, the research is ongoing and Italian scientists are very patient and persevering.
• 00:45:00 In the video, a researcher discusses the importance of a research-oriented government. The current trend is typically for politicians to focus on applied research, which is important, unfortunately, in Italy. However, applied research only occurs when it is in the interest of the politician, and the next day they inaugurate a factory. The politician dies because they only think of Andreotti when it comes to arriving at the end of the HC. The fundamental research that needs to be done in order to answer man's primary questions- such as those asked before- has not yet been done, and this is what English people call serendipity. We stumble upon something unexpected every day, and these discoveries enter into our everyday lives. For example, radar was a military discovery, and its applications include peaceful and nuclear applications. transistor radios were also a military discovery. However, the web is actually serendipity, as it is what often leads to solving problems that we were not aware of. For example, a researcher discusses how a person's health can be determined by taking a sample of their body and using a machine to detect abnormal tissue. This video also provides three examples of why a research-oriented government is necessary. First, the force that gravity is made of is not
• 00:50:00 The video tells us that there is an error in Rome, which is 10 km away from Ostia but 60 feet (15 meters) off the ground. In addition, there are 15 cm (.59 feet) of error today. The latest example is that accelerator technology doesn't just accelerate particles, it also helps with cancer research. There are 26,000 accelerator units in the world, but only one per cent are used for research. The main purpose of accelerators is to accelerate particles, but they are also used for other things such as radiotherapy for cancer. This technology has important implications for the development of economy and nation. Investment in science has long-term benefits for everyone.