Summary of HIDROLOGIA OCEÁNICA. FONDOS OCEÁNICOS. (dorsales y fosas)

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The video discusses the vastness of the oceans and the many strange and mysterious geological phenomena that occur beneath their surface. It explains how these phenomena can have a dramatic effect on life on the surface of the Earth.

  • 00:00:00 The video discusses the oceans and the vast amount of water on Earth. Almost two-thirds of the planet's surface is covered by water, with 360 million kilometers2 of it. This water covers an incredible variety of landscapes, including 100 million volcanoes called "mountain oceans." The largest mountain ocean chain on the planet is located along the coast of North America, and it is estimated that it is over 22,000 kilometers long. The deepest ocean trench on Earth is located at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean, at a depth of 11 kilometers. It is also important to note that the ocean floor is one of the most active geologic regions on Earth to understand what created it. To explore this topic further, we must dive below the ocean's surface to its deepest points. This journey will take us to some of the most extraordinary geological events on Earth, such as the formation of the continents, the elevation of mountain ranges, and the existence of deep ocean trenches. Once we reach the bottom of the ocean, we will be in for a breathtaking experience as we explore the world beneath the surface. Our first destination is the continental plate, which borders almost all of the world's continents. The continental plate is a shallow, narrow rise that extends for 80 kilometers deep within
  • 00:05:00 The video discusses how strange and unexpected geological accidents happen, and how geologists use sound waves to explore the ocean floor. The dorso-ventral plates and continental shelves are thought to form when gas is expelled from the ocean, but suddenly there were people who speculated that these gases could sink boats, which would explain the 'triangle of the Bermudas' mystery. Gas escapes from oil platforms are indeed dangerous, and this platform off Norway sank amid a bubbling sea of gas. This gas was suddenly released when the drill reached an methane gas deposit. There have been many unusual geological phenomena, like this one, which have made geologists very difficult to explore the ocean floor. In the border of the continental platform in the Gulf of Mexico, a team of scientists is preparing to dive into a tank filled with a 12 cm thick acrylic shield. 550 meters below them, they find what they were looking for: a mound of a white and blanched substance called methanol hydrate, which is subjected to a great pressure at depths of up to 300 meters. Methanol hydrate, which is made mostly of water, contains a lot of gas and Dr. Ross Anderson of the University of Edinburgh will show us this gas art. But new homeowners
  • 00:10:00 The video discusses how hidden oceanic resources can be used to solve freshwater shortages or to help replenish coastal lagoons. It also discusses the unique lifeforms that can exist in these extreme environments.
  • 00:15:00 HIDROLOGIA OCEÁNICA is the study of ocean water, specifically the ocean's freshwater areas, such as the hydrothermal vents. Geóloga Marina Brock Kelly visits a mountainous region of the Earth to study volcanoes on land, but one of the greatest satisfactions of her trip was descending to the bottom of the Central Andes underwater to study the ocean's center. During her hour-long descent, her only companions are spectral creatures. When extending vertically, she sees numerous Bioluminescent organisms in the water. The first time she saw them, it felt as if she were space-traveling and gazing at the stars. At 90 meters below the surface, the team turns on the lights to see an amazing world. This is the Caldera of the Central Andes, fed by the immense heat from deep in the Earth's surface, these enormous volcanic chimneys called "fumaroles" spew out what seems to be a black mud. This group of submarine géiseres, known as "respiraderos hidrotermales," has 80 fumaroles in this area. Some are 55 meters tall, taller than Nelson's Column in London. The water exiting these fumaroles is extremely hot,
  • 00:20:00 The video discusses the Hidrología Oceánica, or Ocean Hydrology. It covers how ocean animals, such as sea lions and whales, get energy from the chemical elements hurled high into the air by active volcanoes far from the Sun's light. Moluscs, shrimp, and mussels that live in dark and inhospitable places can benefit from these energy expulsions. Hydrothermal vent systems, discovered only recently, release over 17 million gallons of water annually, which is almost the energy humans consume in a year. The heat gives us an idea of the powerful forces that created the Central American Cordillera. We turn to a theory proposed in the early 1960s by geologists that the Central American Cordillera is a huge fracture in the Earth's crust. The Earth's surface layer is slowly separating from the thick inner layer, and this is what is happening in the Central American Cordillera - a continuous process of new land forming from the rocks buried deep in the Earth. This is what happens in the Central American Cordillera - like an enormous wound that never heals and constantly suppurates new materials, creating a new marine layer that is spreading to the sides of the Cordillera. As the new ocean floor surface
  • 00:25:00 In this video, we learn about the ocean's hydrology, which is the study of water in the oceans. Hidrologists study the movement and behavior of water in the oceans to better understand how the ocean functions. They also study the ocean's hydrogeology, which is the study of the Earth's water bodies and how they interact with one another. The video explains that every year, the oceans add nearly two square kilometers of new land to the bottom of the ocean. This process, which is called sedimentation, takes 280 million years to accumulate. If all of the land on Earth were added to the ocean in this way, it would cover the entire surface of Spain. The video then discusses the ocean's hydrogeology in more detail. It explains that the ocean's central Cordillera Ocidental (Central American Ridge) contributes approximately two square kilometers of new land to the ocean every year. The Central American Ridge is also home to a number of submarine volcanoes, which contribute ash and gas to the ocean's sedimentation process. The video then moves on to discuss the ocean's hydrology in more detail. It explains that when small plants and animals die in the ocean's upper layers, their skeletons
  • 00:30:00 This underwater robot is capable of seeing and manipulating objects in the depths of the ocean, much like a human would. It is submerged through an opening on the boat, and goes down a few thousand meters further to explore the bones of whales. The biologist studying these creatures, Robert Reich, explains that their fat content is an important factor in their nutritional needs. This fat is what we eat when we eat whale meat. Additionally, the team discovered three new species of microscopic creatures while studying the bones of whales. This is a testament to the fact that we still don't know everything about the ocean, and that our future research will be aided by each new discovery. The surface of the earth is constantly moving, and oceanographic boats are constantly moving along with it. As each island and continent moves, so too does the base of the ocean, dragging with it mountains of sediment and marine life. The Hawaiian Islands are an excellent example of this. The island is growing, but it is slowly moving away from a hot spot on the surface of the earth. In its place, another volcano is growing, and then another after that. As the ocean floor moves over the hot spot, it is slowly erasing the island.
  • 00:35:00 The video discusses the history of the now-extinct volcanoes on the island of Hawai'i and the largest of these, Mauna Loa, which is located on the mainland of the US. The volcano is 5,200 km from the current point at which the Earth's hottest spot is located. Over 85 million years ago, Mauna Loa passed over the point where the Earth's mantle is hottest. This means that the ocean floor on which Hawai'i now rests has been moving at a rate of 8 cm per year. The Hawaiian Islands will continue to move at the same rate and eventually end up somewhere near the hypothetical Russian coast, 64 million years from now. Finally, the enormous island will slide into a deep oceanic trench or fossa. What we are seeing here, beneath the surface of the ocean, is a world of immense, unexplored, and dangerous landscape. Our submarine is only halfway through its journey to the bottom of these fearsome abysses. We are about to encounter creatures that dwarf mountains, vast deserts, and even submarines: colossal creatures, luminous creatures, and creatures that inhabit the deepest parts of the ocean. We are about to learn about the powerful forces that shape our planet. The process that created this fossa also
  • 00:40:00 In 1997, a cataclysmic event took place in the depths of the ocean's oceanic trenches, resulting in the loss of 19 lives on the small island of Montserrat. The event, known as the Montserrat Volcano Eruptions, was the result of a collision between two tectonic plates. Montserrat, which is located on the edge of the Puerto Rico Trench--the largest and deepest trench in the Atlantic Ocean--requires its existence and violent nature due to the system of plates that transports and builds land. The Central American Plate pushes the North American Plate towards the Caribbean Sea when they are located near each other. When this happens, unexpected events can occur, such as the eruption of a volcano. Over the course of 200 million years, the areas of subduction will consume nearly all of the surface water that currently exists, taking away everything--boats, dead whales, and entire islands--with them in violent eruptions. However, this process is not always simple, as evidenced by the recent eruption of Mount Etna. When the landmass of one plate is forced beneath another, it causes a pressure cooker effect that squeezes water and sediment together, sinking the place where the tectonic plates meet and eventually
  • 00:45:00 The video discusses the catastrophic force of tsunamis and the factors that lead to them. José Borrero, a researcher at the University of Southern California's tsunami research group, explains that a great earthquake, deep waters, and ocean displacement are all necessary to create a devastating tsunami. In just 15 minutes, a tsunami as large as the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake reached Indonesia. The video also shows how a tsunami can travel hundreds of kilometers per hour, but can reach a slower-moving shoreline if it's in shallow water. The next great earthquake is likely to take place along the coast of the United States in the next 300 years, but it could happen today if the ocean floor rises rapidly.
  • 00:50:00 The video discusses how we have discovered strange and mysterious lakes under the continental platform, and how they have an immediate and dramatic effect on life on the surface. Scientists have only explored a tenth of the ocean's depths, and there must be strange new creatures and marvels waiting to be discovered down there. The vast and mysterious world of the depths is waiting to be explored.

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