Summary of Lecture 2. History of Abnormal Psychology

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In this lecture, the history of abnormal psychology is discussed, including the spiritual, biological, and psychological models that have been used to understand thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. In recent history, the field of psychological sciences has focused more on the mind and psychology, incorporating biology and cognition into understanding how people function.

  • 00:00:00 This lecture will overview historical and modern models of abnormal psychology, including spiritual, biological, and psychological models. The lecture will also discuss how these models explain psychopathology, and how they are relevant to modern understanding of the disorder.
  • 00:05:00 This lecture discusses the history of abnormal psychology, which focuses on the causes and treatment of mental illness through a spiritual perspective. It discusses the biological model of mental illness which was developed in the 1940s and 1950s, and how it moved psychology and medicine away from a spiritual understanding towards a more physical approach. This theory saw all mental illness as having the same causes, which were due to imbalances in the body's four fluids. This theory was promoted by prominent physicians such as Hippocrates and Galen.Despite its popularity, this theory eventually moved psychology and medicine away from a spiritual understanding and towards a more physical approach.
  • 00:10:00 This lecture discusses abnormal psychology, which is the study of mental disorders. The physical theory of mental illness is the idea that there is a specific physical cause in the body that causes these symptoms. The humoral theory of medicine and psychology is the idea that mental illness is due to a imbalance of certain body fluids. The 40s and 50s saw the rise of the psychological theory of mental illness, which believes that mental illness is caused by psychological factors. The lobotomy is a treatment for mental illness that involves severing the corpus callosum, which is the band of nerve tissue that connects the two hemispheres of the brain. This treatment is sometimes used for treatment resistant epilepsy.
  • 00:15:00 Howard underwent a lobotomy at the age of 12, which at the time was believed to be a way to treat his various mental illnesses. Unfortunately, Howard's experience illustrated the dangers of practicing mental health care without a clear understanding of the cause of the disorder, or what problem the patient was seeking to be fixed. Today, treatments such as electroshock therapy and psychosurgery are still used to treat conditions such as depression and schizophrenia.
  • 00:20:00 This lecture covers the history of abnormal psychology, including the most common biological treatments used today. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a last resort treatment for people who have not had success with drug therapies or who are suffering from life-threatening psychiatric conditions.
  • 00:25:00 The 1800s saw the development of two new ideas - the moral therapy movement and the mental hygiene movement. The moral therapy movement argued for more humane treatment of mental patients, and the mental hygiene movement believed that understanding the causes of mental illness would lead to better treatment. Freud, with his medical background, became increasingly interested in the mind and the relationship between the brain and the mind. This led him to study abnormal thoughts, emotions, and behavior. His work helped to develop the scientific study of psychology.
  • 00:30:00 Freud believed that during infancy, children pass through stages focused on obtaining food through their mouths. The stage theory has some evidentiary basis, but is not universally accepted in modern psychology. Freud's theory of development, which focuses on the role of parenting, is still largely supported.
  • 00:35:00 During this video, Professor Jordan Peterson discusses the stages of psychological development as outlined by Sigmund Freud. Freud observed that during the toddler years, children become more aware of their bodily functions and begin to express a gender identity. He also believed that during this stage, children's relationship with their same-sex parent becomes very important. The last stage he saw in development was the genital stage, during which people are able to form healthy adult sexual relationships and have families of their own. Freud believed that if something went wrong during development in one of the earlier stages, it could lead to psychopathology.
  • 00:40:00 The dominant psychological model of the origins and treatment of mental illness in the 1940s to the 1970s was humanism, which differed from Freud's theory in that humanist psychologists believed that humans are inherently good and that if humans are allowed to develop in an ideal environment, they will just sort of naturally thrive and naturally be good. This differed from Freud's idea where he believed that humans were kind of inherently not necessarily bad but amoral animalistic self-centered focused on their own gratification.
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  • 00:50:00 Behaviorism explains behavior and emotions through conditioning, with the focus on classical and operant conditioning. Hans had a scary experience with a horse, which led to fear and anxiety being conditioned responses. This created a conditioned response of horses being scared, even though he never saw a horse die again. This is the behavioral model for how phobias develop.
  • 00:55:00 In this lecture, the history of abnormal psychology is discussed, including the spiritual, biological, and psychological models that have been used to understand thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. In recent history, the field of psychological sciences has focused more on the mind and psychology, incorporating biology and cognition into understanding how people function. Some study questions for the lecture include: What are the main models used to understand abnormal psychology? How did behaviorism develop? What are the goals of modern psychology?

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