Summary of El siglo XVIII español

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The 18th century in Spain was a time of great change, with the Bourbon dynasty taking over the throne and the country experiencing a period of reform. This century was marked by the suppression of universities and the rise of technocrats, as well as the attempt to control the Catholic Church. Ultimately, these changes led to the decline of France and the rise of England.

  • 00:00:00 In 1707, after a long series of political vacillations, Carlos II of Spain died without descendants, leaving his brother, Felipe, to claim the throne. Felipe's cousin, Archduke Charles of Austria, applied to inherit his powers, and he also seeks to regain the Spanish crown. Felipe's cousin, Felipe IV of Spain, the son of Carlos II's brother, claims the throne of Spain, as does Felipe's own father, Louis XIV of France. Felipe's abuelo, the king of France, manages to get his grandson to renounce his claim in exchange for the French crown, but the war of succession is not just European. There is also a civil war. The Spanish crown lands of Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia, and Mallorca are all on the side of Felipe's father, Louis XIV. The rest of Spain, represented by Felipe's young cousin, the Princess of Asturias, supports the new Borbón dynasty. Felipe is only six years old when he becomes king, and his grandfather, Louis XIV, is his main advisor. The war of succession ends with Felipe's victory at the Battle of Almansa, which opens the way to Valencia and Ar
  • 00:05:00 In the 18th century, a young Spanish king who had only recently come to the throne after being born in France without speaking Spanish arrived in court well-received. After a disappointing Carlos II, the youth and good presence of the new king seemed to presage a much-needed renewal. He is a cultured, book-loving young man with a fondness for the arts, although he is regularly attacked by melancholy and wants to continue the footsteps of his grandfather, Louis XIV. He eventually loses the throne twice to Austrian troops, and is forced to leave Madrid both times. He dies in Vienna in 1714, Emperor of Austria, the successor of his grandfather, Charles VI. His vast empire includes Spanish possessions in southern France, southern Germany, and Italy. His wife, Isabel Christina, remains regent in Barcelona, and soon abandons it in order to focus on European issues. Felipe Quint, in order to secure a lasting peace, abdicates his French crown in 1713, and establishes the Bourbon dynasty in Spain with the approval of his grandfather, Louis XIV. With England on the rise and France on the decline, Felipe Quint takes the decision to withdraw his troops from Catalonia and Baleares in 1713. Two days later, the French general
  • 00:10:00 The 18th century in Spain was marked by the ascent of the Bourbon dynasty, which brought about a period of repression in Catalonia. This is manifested in the cultural sphere with the suppression of six universities and Navarre, which remained faithful to Philip IV, receiving special privilege until 1876. New laws of plant were enacted by Philip II, which aimed to make Spain a single monarchy with uniform laws for all subjects, and a centralized administration in which Spanish became the only official language. Jordi Danau writes about the Crown's attempt to modernize the state, ending the old administrative system of the monarchy of the Austrians and introducing a fiscal reform that becomes most pronounced in Catalonia with the appointment of Jose Font as head of the treasury. This process of modernization ultimately leads to the disappearance of great titles and high nobility from positions of power and the rise of technocrats from the judiciary and university, in line with the policy of Realism of the Bourbon kings. One of the goals of this policy was to reduce the power of the Catholic Church. Óscar Macanaz, appointed fiscal of the Council of Castile, will be the tool used by Philip IV to attempt to make the Catholic Church submit to royal authority. However, Macanaz's efforts will be in vain
  • 00:15:00 The video discusses the attempt by the Spanish monarchy to control the authority of the church and maintain its privileges over the years. Isabel de Farnesio, the chosen queen, marries for power in her native palm in December of 1.715 and enters Spain via Bayona. Alberone, Isabel's husband, is present at her birth. Carlos III, Isabel's son by her previous husband, begins a political career outside of the queen's camarilla when the queen is alarmed by the physical decline of Philip V and desiring to regain Spanish territory in Italy. Isabel becomes unpopular due to the wars in Italy and her husband's extravagance. Philip V has fulfilled 40 years of his reign, but he seems old and achingly slow to speak. His usual periods of depression have reached an alarming level. Isabel has never been fond of the Escorial and so has had it built nearby in San Ildefonso's farm, a French-style palace and gardens, as a small Versailles. Louis, Isabel's son by her first husband, is the only claimant to the Spanish throne who is not a member of the royal family. Louis has little interest in ruling and spends most of his time hunting. As a result, Isabel has considerable influence
  • 00:20:00 In the 18th century, Spain was experiencing many changes. One of these was the ascent of Fernando de Esposa, heir to Portugal, to the Spanish throne. Fernando's mother, Barbara de Braganza, was Hegel's sister-in-law, and she was very pleased with this development at least one of her daughters would be a queen like her. Fernando's court begins its journey to Badajoz, where the wedding of Fernando's son, the new king, will take place. Once the wedding is over, Fernando is quickly cut down by his mother and returned to Madrid. José Patiño, at this point the first minister, wants to keep Fernando in check and slow down the pace of Spanish government in accordance with the queen's wishes. Fernando will stay in power for five years traveling throughout Andalusia, from one end to the other. José Patiño is a long-time politician with extensive experience in both colonial administration and the army. He was responsible for implementing the new planting scheme in Catalonia and then taking on important positions in Extremadura and Cádiz. When England began to gain influence in the Americas, Patiño pushed for naval construction and the opening of trade to private companies like the Diputa from Car
  • 00:25:00 This video discusses the 18th century in Spain, focusing on the reign of King Felipe V (1746-1759). Felipe V was a very unpopular king, and his son, Fernando VI, inherited a very unhappy childhood. Felipe V's mother, Queen María Luisa, was a very spiteful woman and did not care much for her son. Felipe V's mistress, Isabel de Faria, took advantage of Felipe V's poor health to continue her intrigues in the royal court. Felipe V's reign ended with a stroke in 1746 and he was buried in his beloved palace at La Granja de San Ildefonso. Fernando VI ruled Spain for 19 years, during which he pursued a policy of neutrality in the wars between France and England. This policy benefited Spanish America, which received the impetus of reformist Bourbon kings.
  • 00:30:00 The video discusses the Spanish 18th century and its focus on defending its economic dominance in the Caribbean Sea. To this end, the crown creates a new viceroyalty in New Granada, with capital in Bogotá, and establishes a key port in Cartagena de Indias. The Spanish monarchy's concern for America leads to the opening of the colonial government to Spanish-born colonists in all places in the Americas. This leads to a rise in the social status of criollos (born in Spain to parents of Spanish descent). The negative aspect of this era is the oppressive taxation and social conditions imposed on mestizos and Indians. These tensions lead to revolts, which begin to take on an antiespañol tone. England, eager to monopolize the trade with America, provides encouragement and financial support to the rebels. In the peaceful years of the 18th century, the Spanish monarchs focus their attention on improving the defenses of Portobelo, Panama, and Havana. Architectural projects of this era include the famous convent and church of the Salesas Reales (Royal White Nuns) in Madrid, conceived by queen Barbara of Braganza as a remedy for her husband's deteriorating mental health. The palacio de Ar
  • 00:35:00 In 1759, King Fernando VI of Naples died, leaving his son, Carlos, as the new king of Spain. Fernando VI had made a will naming his brother, Carlos, as his heir, and he appointed Isabel, his mother, as the new regent for the country. Isabel, who was 66 years old, had longed to rule Spain herself, and her son, Carlos, became king of Spain on August 10, 1759. Carlos's father, Felipe IV, had been a very effective ruler, but his reign was marked by lengthy wars and political instability. Shortly after becoming king, Carlos began to implement significant reforms. However, his ambitious plans faced opposition from various factions in Spanish society. After 25 years of rule, the winds of history changed course and Carlos was succeeded by his younger brother, Ferdinand VII. Ferdinand VII was a very different king, and his reign was marked by financial and political problems. The video concludes by saying that, although the reign of Carlos III was not without its problems, it paved the way for the more successful reign of Ferdinand VII.
  • 00:40:00 In this video, Carlos III discusses his ambitious reform program with the goal of upgrading Spain's economic and social status in comparison to other European countries. On the night of December 25, 1868, a group of madrileno peasants led by Marqués de Esquilache (minister of finance) rioted against the government, targeting the residence of Minister of Finance, the Aranjuez Royal Palace, and finally the Royal Palace in Madrid. The king was humiliated and offended, and he retreated to Aranjuez for eight long months. Eventually, the Madrid city council, led by the great noblemen and the guilds, asked him to return to the throne. The king accepted, and appointed Pedro Pablo Abarca de Boë, 10th Duke of Aranda, as head of the Council of Castile to defend the old values of the nobility. This appointment was meant to shield the king from the resistance of the nobility. However, the representatives of the lower nobility will have a much greater presence in key decision-making positions in the administration until Abarca de Boë becomes the mastermind of the reforms of Carlos III.
  • 00:45:00 The 18th century was a time of many advancements in Spain, most of which were never fully implemented due to the king's persistent will for revitalizing his country. Internal and external politics are the two faces of the reforms that Carlos wants to put into motion with a strong monarchy and a healthy economy. One measure is perentorily important and that is increasing the country's material resources. This is done by improving the financial administration of the public treasury, which results in technical improvements to the fiscal administration of indirect taxes. War bonds are issued in times of war, and the national lottery is drawn to take place on 17 March 1766 under the auspices of service. However, along with growing, Spain needs to expand its market to accommodate rising expenses. This is accomplished through demographic growth first, followed by growth in production and trade. Free trade is liberalized and the price of grain is distributed among rural municipalities. Efforts are made to strip the privileged classes of their privileges and promote high-seas fishing. Nevertheless, the main goal of the economic reformists is to make the growth evident in all areas of society--most notably in industry and commerce. The government's social policy is focused on creating a middle class capable of leading the generation of wealth. Despite these
  • 00:50:00 This video discusses the 18th century in Spain, focusing on the king's aversion to dances, theater, and games, and his preference for comfortable clothing and simpler amusements. At the same time, the high society of his time showed strong preferences for leisurely activities such as dancing, dress, and socializing. This contrast between the monarch's preferences and those of his courtiers led to gradual changes in royal behavior, with the king becoming more open to feelings and more accepting of married couples who choose their own partners. This shift was met with resistance from some fathers who were still willing to approve arranged marriages, and from women who continued to demand greater rights within marriage. At the same time, the economic and social achievements of the enlightened Spaniards had a positive impact on Spanish society as a whole, encouraging a critical examination of reality and leading to a voluntaristic reformism in architecture, fashion, and literature. This period of great change is documented in monuments, streets, and public works that are still visible today. The king's efforts to make Madrid like other European capitals was met with strong resistance from the Madriders. However, under the guidance of the Italian Francesco Sabatini, the city was cleaned up and its streets paved with cobblestones. The
  • 00:55:00 The 19th century in Spain was a time of political and social change. The heir to the throne was unable to govern effectively, and this accelerated the last beats of the weak heart that sensed a turbulent future. In the end, the monarch's last wish was to pass the reins of government to José Mourinho, who had been in charge of the monarchy for the past few years. The Count of Floridablanca, who had expressed a desire to take on this role, passed away. This event led to the rise of Carlos IV, who had to deal with the new challenges of reformism moderated by his predecessor. This was a difficult task, as he had to maintain balance between the old and the new while also keeping up with the innovation of the times. New generations will rise and take their place, and the river of death will carry on. And with it, the ambitions of a century.

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